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This study examines the institutional conditions of literacy in the former Moson County. Moson, due to 70% of its population being German, was the only German- majority county in historical Hungary. As the first censuses in the second half of the nineteenth century demonstrate, the county also boasted the best rates of literacy in the entire country. The study explores the background and causes of this phenomenon. It suggests that the tradition of widespread literacy originated in Protestantism, which is testified by the popularity of handwritten hymnals, and that it was preserved among the mostly recatholicised German population. It is perceptible that county authorities paid increasing attention to education from the 1930s. They regularly monitored the condition of schools, supervised compulsory school attendance, and took sanctions in cases of truancy. These efforts were indubitably fruitful. The logistical regression analysis of the literacy figures of the Census of 1880 by cohorts shows that those born between 1830 and 1849 had 75% higher chance to learn to read and write than those born before 1829. The gender differences are also significant. While women born later had twice the chance to be literate than those born before 1829, this figure in men is 53%.

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Nincs absztrakt.

Prior to 1848 Hungary’s system of taxation was of a portialis character, rooted in the Middle Ages. Tax was levied as a lump sum by the Diet and was distributed among the Counties according to the number of their homesteads (portas). Rather than establishing tax on the basis of income and industry, this system taxed the assets on the basis of the so called dicas. Each taxable asset had its value in dicas (Lat. “dica” = notch). The amount of the tax imposed on the county was dicided by the number of registered dicas, this yielded the amount of tax payable for a single dice. The correlation between the amounts of the various assets and the dice value was established by the counties themselves. The paper review the operation and dysfunctions of the feudal system of taxation and the contemporary criticism directed against it, then moves on the analyzing the 1838 Assembly debate of Moson County in the North-Western extreme of Hungary and depicts the various standpoints taken in the issue of the establishment of the tax rate unit. Moson was one of the counties of Hungary with the most advanced market development during the first part of the 19th century. The purpose of the study is to use the debates about the tax rate to demonstrate that the feudal county strove to ease the central burdens on its subjects and to allocate more weight to taxing industry in the areas where the market had developed (e.g. carriage, leases).

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This study investigates the role of the former Moson County (Wieselburger Komitat) in the provision of the market in Vienna. Contemporary works agree that Moson County performed a significant role in supplying Vienna with food products. In the first part of this study the author states that due to economic reforms, by the 1840’s the discrimination against Hungarian products at the customs had almost entirely vanished. Taking the 1842 value as measure, in the commerce between the two countries, Hungarian export goods carried only 1.36% higher duty than Austrian ones. The second part of the study deals with 76 out of 333 items registered in the trade statistics of the goods that constituted a significant part of the trade to Lower Austria. By ranking these goods according to their price, quantity and share of export, the study concludes that goods originating in Moson County, more closely, in the peasant economy, had a large share in the export to Lower Austria. Thus, facts drawn from narrative sources seem to be justified: Moson County, more closely, its peasantry (unlike big estates) was in reality the most important provider of food products for the market in Vienna.

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„One has to work hard to be a »Honoracior«”. An Interview with Zoltán Fallenbüchl.

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Jászság, situated in the centre of Hungary, was a privileged territory during feudalism. Its habitants were primarily farming and stock-raising free peasants. In 1745 they regained their former privileges by the so called redemption (redemptio). The present study traces the course of life of a redemptus family from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the 1960s. The story of the family's five generations is characterised by a succession of failures (economic crises, wars, epidemics and crises caused by sudden deaths) and new beginnings (quick remarriages, migration to places considered more favourable, learning of a trade etc). The analysis presents those strategies that each family employed in order to survive and grow.